How close are we to another pandemic? (C1)

What virus subtype is currently being discussed as a potential pandemic threat?
H5N1, specifically the 2.3.4.4b strain.
When did H5N1 first infect humans, and where?
In 1997, in China.
What recent development in 2024 caused concern about H5N1?
The virus spilled into cattle populations and showed mammal-to-mammal transmission.
How does H5N1 infect humans, and why is it currently limited in spreading between humans?
It infects humans by binding to receptors deep in the lungs or through the eyes, but it is not well-adapted to human upper respiratory tract receptors.
What mutation could make H5N1 more transmissible between humans?
A mutation in hemagglutinin from glutamine to leucine at residue 226.
Why does the spread of H5N1 to mammals increase concern?
It gives the virus more chances to evolve and potentially adapt to human transmission.
What measures are being suggested to minimize H5N1’s spread in farms?
Close monitoring, using PPE, increased testing, and keeping cattle within farms.
How could vaccines help in the case of an H5N1 pandemic?
Existing flu vaccines could be adapted, and stockpiled vaccines from the mid-2000s may provide some protection.
What makes younger people potentially more vulnerable to H5N1?
They have had less exposure to flu viruses and vaccines, which may result in weaker immunity.
What is the current level of risk for the general public and farm workers?
The risk is low for the general public and low to moderate for farm workers.